El orden de nacimiento como factor de riesgo para ser víctima de trata sexual en el triángulo norte de Centroamérica / Birth order as a risk factor for being victim of sex trafficking in the northern triangle of Central America

RESUMEN Las redes de tráfico humano para la prostitución captan a menores vulnerables, en especial, a quienes consideran no les queda otra opción que emigrar al norte para hacer frente a problemas económicos graves. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer si el orden de nacimiento representó un factor de riesgo, asociado a la vulnerabilidad para la trata sexual de menores centroamericanas, traficadas a Estados Unidos. Las entrevistadas mostraban vulnerabilidades vinculadas con estructuras sociales y conductas individuales. Por una parte, todas crecieron en hogares caracterizados por la pobreza extrema. Por otra parte, también presentaban vulnerabilidades relacionadas con el embarazo adolescente, la falta de educación, la disfuncionalidad familiar y la participación en mercados ilegales. Ocupar el primer lugar en orden de nacimiento eleva la vulnerabilidad de las menores a ser traficadas a Estados Unidos para el comercio sexual. Por el contrario, ocupar el último lugar disminuye este riesgo.

ABSTRACT Human trafficking networks for prostitution recruit vulnerable underage girls, especially those who are considered with no choice but to migrate north to cope with serious economic problems. The aim of this work was to determine if birth order represented a risk factor associated to the vulnerability for sex trafficking of Central American female minors. The interviewees presented vulnerabilities associated to social structures and individual behaviors. On the one hand, all of them grew up in house holds characterized by extreme poverty. On the other hand, they also had vulnerabilities related to teenage pregnancy, lack of education, family dysfunction and participation in illegal markets. Findings suggest that occupying the first place in the order of birth raises the vulnerability of minors to being trafficked to the United States for sex trade. On the contrary, occupying the last place decreases this risk.

Minoría de edad y aborto en España: pasado, presente y futuro / Minors and abortion in Spain: past, present and future / Menores e aborto na Espanha: passado, presente e futuro

Objetivo:analizar la regulación jurídica existente en España relativa a la capacidad de las jóvenes menores de edad para tomar decisiones por sí mismas en relación con la interrupción del embarazo. Metodología: se comparan las normas legales vigentes en España en las últimas décadas, así como la literatura jurídica más relevante sobre la temática de estudio y los posicionamientos al respecto de organismos internacionales. Resultados: se puede comprobar muy fácilmente el alto componente ideológico de esta problemática. La legislación ha sufrido numerosas reformas a lo largo de los años, otorgando una mayor o menor autonomía a las mujeres menores de edad dependiendo de la ideología política del partido político en el gobierno. Conclusión: se trata de un tema de gran trascendencia, por desgracia altamente ideologizado. Ante los diversos intereses en conflicto, parece que debe primar el respecto a los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de la mujer, aunque sea menor de edad, siempre que tenga suficiente capacidad natural de juicio. Existen varias las razones que abogan por otorgar plena capacidad a las menores de edad para decidir libremente la interrupción del embarazo sin que se requiera el consentimiento de sus representantes legales, tal y como vienen manifestando relevantes organismos internacionales.

Objective:to analyze the existing legal regulation in Spain regarding the decision-making capacity of underage adolescents in relation to abortion. Methods: comparison of the legislation in force in Spain in recent decades, the relevant legal literature on the subject and the positions of international organizations. Results: the high ideological component of this problem can be very easily demonstrated. The legislation has undergone numerous reforms over the years, granting certain autonomy to underage women, depending on the political ideology of the ruling party. Conclusion:this is a very important issue that is unfortunately highly ideologized. Given the various conflicting interests, it seems that respect for women's sexual and reproductive rights should take precedence, even if they are minors, provided they have sufficient judgment. There are several reasons for granting minors the full capacity to decide freely on abortion without the need for the consent of their legal representatives, as relevant international organizations have stated.

Objetivo:analisar a regulamentação legal existente na Espanha sobre a capacidade das menores deidade dedecidir por si mesmos em relação à interrupção da gravidez. Metodologia: comparam-se as normas jurídicas vigentes na Espanha nas últimas décadas, assim como a literatura jurídica mais relevante sobre o tema de estudo e as posições em relação aos organismos internacionais. Resultados: verifica-se muito facilmente o elevado componente ideológico desse problema. A legislação passou por inúmeras reformas ao longo dos anos, concedendo maior ou menor autonomia às mulheres menores de idade, dependendo da ideologia política do partido político no governo. Conclusão: trata-se de um tema de grande importância, infelizmente altamente ideologizado. Diante dos diversos interesses conflitantes, parece que deve prevalecer o respeito aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos das mulheres, ainda que sejam menores de idade e desde que tenham capacidade de julgamento suficiente. São várias as razões que defendem a concessão de plena capacidade às menores para decidirem livremente sobre a interrupção da gravidez sem necessitarem do consentimento dos seus representantes legais, como têm afirmado as organizações internacionais relevantes.

Investigation and analysis of knowledge status and educational needs of caregivers for children with epilepsy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To determine the level of epilepsy knowledge of caregivers for children with epilepsy and analyze its influencing factors, and investigate caregivers' educational needs and their acceptance for remote education, in order to provide reference for clinical telenursing education.Methods:From March to September 2022, 221 caregivers of epileptic children in the outpatient department and ward of neurology department of Xuzhou Children's Hospital were recruited by convenient sampling method for cross-sectional investigation. The status of caregivers' knowledge and educational needs were investigated by the general information questionnaire, epilepsy knowledge questionnaire, epilepsy knowledge needs questionnaire and telenursing acceptance questionnaire, and the influencing factors of knowledge level were analyzed by multiple linear regression.Results:The average score of epilepsy knowledge of caregivers was (15.68 ± 6.43) points. The course of disease, taking medicine on time, education background and monthly income of caregivers were the influencing factors of caregivers' knowledge level, and the difference was statistically significant ( P <0.05). 94.12% (208/221)- 96.38% (213/221) of the caregivers had high educational needs, and they had the highest demand for safety guidance during seizures. Caregivers' acceptance of remote education was moderate, ranging from 34.39% (76/221) to 71.95% (159/221). Conclusions:Caregivers' epilepsy knowledge needs to be improved. Medical institutions should formulate education plans according to the different characteristics of caregivers. Caregivers have a high demand for nursing knowledge, and medical staff should increase health education. Before giving health education based on remote nursing platform, we should fully understand the attitude of caregivers to the platform, so that they can master disease knowledge, strengthen their disease management ability, and improve the quality of life of children.

Study on pediatric scoliosis patients at hospital santa casa de misericórdia in são paulo / Estudo sobre pacientes com escoliose pediátrica no hospital santa casa de misericórdia de são paulo / Estudio sobre pacientes pediátricos con escoliosis en el hospital santa casa de misericórdia de são paulo

ABSTRACT: Objective: To carry out registration of patients with scoliosis under 18 years old, followed in a quarternary hospital of high complexity, who need surgical treatment, aiming to identify the reasons for the delay in treatment. Methods: Data collection was carried out in person and by spontaneous demand at the spinal orthopedic specialty outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital of high complexity from January 2021 to December 2022. The results were compiled in the networked database (Red Cap®). Result: 59 patients were evaluated, 45 female (77.9%) and 14 male (22.1%), with a mean age of 13.7 years. Etiology: 30 idiopathic (50.8%), eight syndromic (13.5%), 11 neuromuscular (18.6%), and ten congenital (16.9%). Of the total, 46 (77.9%) were awaiting surgery and 13 (22.1%) were undergoing conservative treatment. The main causes of treatment delay: unavailability of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (19 - 41.3%); unavailability of specific surgical material (16 - 34.8%); difficulty of referral to our institution (6 - 13.1%); loss to follow-up (3 - 6.5%) and limitation in casting making (2 - 4.3%). The mean time between diagnosis and the first consultation is 17.25 months (0 - 140). The average surgical wait until December/2022 was 38.4 months (1 - 156). Conclusion: There is a lack of assistance in the steps of monitoring and treatment in the public health system, from directing the patient with scoliosis to the specialized center to performing the surgical procedure, mainly due to limitations in the use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and the unavailability of specific materials to perform highly complex surgeries. Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia de pacientes, menores de 18 anos, com escoliose que aguardam cirurgia em hospital quaternário de alta complexidade e observar os motivos que acarretam atrasos no tratamento. Métodos: Coleta de dados presencial e espontaneamente no ambulatório de ortopedia da coluna vertebral num hospital de alta complexidade, de janeiro de 2021 a dezembro de 2022. Os resultados foram compilados no banco de dados (Red Cap®). Resultados: Foram avaliados 59 pacientes, 45 mulheres (77,9%) e 14 homens (22,1%), com média etária de 13,7 anos. Etiologia: 30 idiopáticas (50,8%), 8 sindrômicas (13,5%), 11 neuromusculares (18,6%) e 10 congênitas (16,9%). Do total, 46 (77,9%) aguardam cirurgia e 13 (22,1%) estavam em tratamento conservador. As principais causas de atraso do tratamento cirúrgico foram: indisponibilidade de monitoração neurofisiológica intraoperatória (19 - 41,3%); indisponibilidade de implantes para escoliose (16 - 34,8%); dificuldade no referenciamento para instituição (6 - 13,1%); perda de seguimento (3 - 6,5%) e limitação na confecção de colete (2 - 4,3%). Tempo médio entre diagnóstico e primeiro atendimento de 17,25 meses (0 - 140). A média de espera cirúrgica até dezembro/2022 era 38,4 meses (1 - 156). Conclusão: Há carência assistencial nas etapas do acompanhamento e no tratamento no Sistema Único de Saúde, desde o direcionamento do paciente com escoliose ao centro especializado até a realização do procedimento cirúrgico, sobretudo devido à limitação na utilização de monitoração neurofisiológica intraoperatória e indisponibilidade de materiais específicos para realização de cirurgias de alta complexidade. Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología de los pacientes menores de 18 años con escoliosis en un hospital cuaternario de alta complejidad y observar los motivos que llevan a retrasos en el tratamiento. Métodos: Recolección de datos presencial y espontánea en el ambulatorio de ortopedia de columna, de enero 2021 a diciembre 2022. Los resultados fueron recopilados en la base de datos (Red Cap®). Resultado: Se evaluaron 59 pacientes, 45 mujeres (77,9%) y 14 hombres (22,1%), con una edad promedio de 13,7 años. Etiología: 30 idiopáticas (50,8%), 8 sindrómicas (13,5%), 11 neuromusculares (18,6%) y 10 congénitas (16,9%). Del total, 46 (77,9%) estaban pendientes de cirugía y 13 (22,1%) estaban en tratamiento conservador. Las principales causas de retraso en el tratamiento quirúrgico fueron: indisponibilidad de monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria (19 - 41,3%); indisponibilidad de implantes para escoliosis (16 - 34,8%); dificultad para hacer referencia a la institución (6 - 13,1%); pérdida de seguimiento (3 - 6,5%) y limitación en la confección de un chaleco (2 - 4,3%). Tiempo promedio diagnóstico y primera atención de 17,25 meses (0 - 140). Espera quirúrgica promedio: hasta diciembre/2022 fue de 38,4 meses (1 - 156). Conclusión: Existe falta de asistencia en las etapas de seguimiento y tratamiento en el Sistema Único de Salud, desde la dirección del paciente con escoliosis al centro especializado hasta la realización del procedimiento quirúrgico, debido principalmente a la limitación en el uso de instrumentos neurofisiológicos intraoperatorios. Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Minha cor não é essa, essa é a cor do remédio: imagem corporal de menores de 15 anos que tiveram hanseníase em Petrolina-PE e Juazeiro-BA / My color is not like this, this is the color of the medicine: body image of individuals under 15 years old who had leprosy in Petrolina, PE and Juazeiro, BA

Este artigo teve por objetivo compreender as repercussões da hanseníase na imagem corporal em menores de 15 anos afetados pela hanseníase. Participaram do estudo quatorze crianças e adolescentes menores de 15 anos que estavam cadastrados no programa de controle da Hanseníase de Petrolina-PE e Juazeiro-BA e que tiveram alta por cura. Utilizou-se a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada, que abrangeu questões norteadoras sobre a vivência da criança e do adolescente com a doença, abordando aspectos familiares, sociais e percepções advindas da experiência. Os dados obtidos foram analisados a partir do interacionismo simbólico e da sociologia de Erving Goffman, levando-se também em consideração leituras mais contemporâneas sobre performatividade. A partir das narrativas produzidas, buscou-se destacar os aspectos da imagem corporal da criança e do adolescente que tiveram hanseníase, organizados em eixos temáticos: imagem corporal, efeitos da hanseníase, racialização da doença e seus desdobramentos. Verifica-se que o elemento predominante da pesquisa ancora-se no corpo adoecido e marcado, imagens presentes em todas as entrevistas. Desse modo, para os participantes adoecidos pela hanseníase, o corpo é tido como "feio", "doente" e "rejeitado", sendo tal imagem corporal associada a repercussão negativa na sua autoimagem.

This article aimed to understand the repercussions of leprosy on body image in individuals under 15 years old affected by leprosy. Fourteen children and adolescents under 15 years old who were registered in the Leprosy Control Program of Petrolina-PE and Juazeiro-BA and who had been discharged as cured participated in the study. A semi-structured interview technique was used, covering guiding questions about the experiences of the child and adolescent with the disease, addressing family, social aspects, and perceptions arising from the experience. The data obtained were analyzed using symbolic interactionism and Erving Goffman's sociology, also taking into consideration more contemporary readings on performativity. Based on the narratives produced, the aspects of body image of children and adolescents with leprosy were highlighted and organized into thematic axes: body image, effects of leprosy, racialization of the disease, and its consequences. It is evident that the predominant element of the research is anchored in the diseased and marked body images present in all interviews. Thus, for participants afflicted by leprosy, the body is perceived as "ugly," "sick," and "rejected," and such body image is associated with a negative impact on their self-image.

Clinical characteristics and risk factors for severe disease of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in underage patients / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors for severe disease of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in underage patients, and to construct the severe disease risk model.Methods:A total of 170 HFRS patients (<18 years old) from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University (153 cases) and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University (17 cases) from January 2009 to December 2021 were included. According to the severity of the disease, the patients were divided into mild and severe groups. Baseline demographic data, symptoms, signs, laboratory examination on admission and prognosis were analyzed between the two groups. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test.Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors of patients with severe disease, and the severe disease risk model was built.The receiver operator characteristic curve was used to analyze the value of the risk model in predicting severity of disease. Results:Among the 170 underage patients, 132 (77.6%) were males, aged (14.9±3.1) years, including 124 cases in mild group and 46 cases in severe group. One hundred and sixty-nine cases (99.4%) had fever, 119 cases (70.0%) had headache, 106 cases (62.4%) had lumbago, 158 cases (92.9%) had skin and mucous congestion, and 101 cases (59.4%) had nausea and vomiting. Renal percussive pain was found in 139(81.8%) patients. The incidence of nausea and vomiting and bleeding of skin and mucosa in the severe group were 71.7%(33/46) and 67.4%(31/46), respectively, which were both higher than those in the mild group (54.8%(68/124) and 44.4%(55/124), respectively), and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=3.97 and 7.12, respectively, both P<0.05). There were significant differences in platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), serum creatinine (SCr), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, leukocyte count, total bilirubin and albumin levels between the two groups ( Z=-4.14, -4.04, -4.87, -3.90, -4.07, -2.60, -2.78 and t=2.50, respectively, all P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that chemosis (odds ratio ( OR)=8.035, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.946 to 21.916), SCr ( OR=1.010, 95% CI 1.006 to 1.015) and APTT ( OR=1.049, 95% CI 1.003 to 1.098) were the independent risk factors for severe HFRS in the underage patients. The risk model was constructed as: Logit(P)=-10.323+ 2.084×chemosis (no=0, grade Ⅰ=1, grade Ⅱ=2, grade Ⅲ=3)+ 0.010×SCr (μmol/L)+ 0.048×APTT (s). The area under the curve to predict severity of disease in underage HFRS patients was 0.868, with an optimal cut-off value of -4.39, with a sensitivity of 73.90% and a specificity of 91.10%. According to the internal verification of the data of the study based on the severe disease risk model, 34 out of 46 patients with severe disease were severe (sensitivity, 73.91%), 113 out of 124 patients with mild disease were mild (specificity, 91.13%). Conclusions:The clinical manifestations of the underage HFRS patients are not typical.The main manifestations are fever, headache and lumbago, nausea and vomiting, and the incidences of skin and mucous congestion and renal percussive pain are high.Chemosis, SCr and APTT are independent risk factors for severe disease in underage patients with HFRS. The severe disease risk model could effectively predict the severity of disease.

Diseño y validación de un instrumento para medir compromiso con el lavado de manos en menores de edad / Design and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Commitment to Handwashing in Minors

Introducción: Los beneficios de lavarse las manos con agua y jabón son reconocidos en salud pública. En la actualidad es una de las acciones recomendadas para evitar la propagación de la COVID-19. No obstante, según datos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, a nivel mundial solo una de cada cinco personas lo realiza con la frecuencia y técnica adecuada. Se evidencia que el conocimiento no es el mejor predictor de la conducta, se le da mayor peso al compromiso. A la fecha, no se conoce un instrumento que determine esta actitud en menores de edad. Objetivo: Validar un instrumento electrónico diseñado para medir el grado de compromiso con el lavado de manos en menores de edad. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de validación en tres fases: a) diseño de los ítems del instrumento; b) validación de contenido por expertos; c) validación de constructo, confiabilidad y consistencia. Fue realizado en Mérida, Yucatán, México, entre septiembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, con una selección a conveniencia de menores de edad escolarizados en 25 instituciones de educación primaria. Resultados: En la validación interna, el alfa de Cronbach obtuvo un valor aceptable (0,801), y la mayoría de los componentes arrojaron una confiabilidad por arriba de 0,70. La varianza total obtenida fue de 69,60 por ciento; en la prueba Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin el nivel general obtenido fue de 0,712. Conclusiones: Se diseñó un instrumento con validez interna, confiabilidad y aplicabilidad para medir el grado de compromiso frente al lavado de manos en menores de edad(AU)

Introduction: The benefits of hand washing with soap and water are recognized in public health. It is currently one of the recommended actions to prevent the spread of VOCID-19. However, according to data from the United Nations, worldwide only one in five people do it with adequate frequency and technique. It is evident that knowledge is not the best predictor of behavior, but that greater weight is given to commitment. To date, there is no known instrument to determine this attitude in minors. Objective: To validate an electronic instrument designed to measure the degree of commitment to handwashing in minors. Methods: Quantitative validation study in three phases: 1) design of the instrument items; 2) content validation by experts; 3) construct validation, reliability and consistency. It was conducted in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, between September 2019 and March 2020, with a convenience selection of school-aged children in 25 elementary schools. Results: In the internal validation, Cronbach's alpha obtained an acceptable value (0.801), and most of the components yielded a reliability above 0.70. The total variance obtained was 69.60 percent; in the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test the overall level obtained was 0.712. Conclusions: An instrument with internal validity, reliability and applicability was designed to measure the degree of commitment to handwashing in minors(AU)

The importance of applying the statement of assent to children and adolescents: a qualitative study / La importancia de la aplicación del término de consentimiento para niños y adolescentes: un estudio cualitativo / A importância da aplicação do termo de assentimento para crianças e adolescentes: um estudo qualitativo

Objective. To describe the importance of the Statement of Assent for children and adolescents invited to participate in a clinical study and their main reactions to its explanation. Methods. This is an exploratory descriptive qualitative study of 17 children and adolescents, who were invited to participate in a clinical study in the field of oncology in a hospital located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results. Two thematic units were generated after data interpretation: signing the statement of assent, in which participants felt their main role when faced with the possibility of expressing their agreement or not to take part in the study; and understanding of the study, when they showed that they understood the steps of the study by asking pertinent questions to clarify their doubts. Children and adolescents understood the steps of the study contained in the Statement of Assent, were interested and asked questions to clarify their doubts about the study. Conclusion. The Statement of Assent was important for participants understanding the study and having autonomy over their participation. As the statement strengthened the main role of children and adolescents in the research process, the conclusion was that its use in studies involving the pediatric population should be encouraged.

Objetivo. describir la importancia del Formulario de Consentimiento Informado para los niños y adolescentes invitados a participar en un estudio clínico aleatorizado y sus principales reacciones a su explicación. Métodos. se trata de una investigación exploratoria descriptiva con abordaje cualitativo, realizada con 17 niños y adolescentes, quienes fueron invitados a participar de un estudio clínico en el área de oncología en un hospital ubicado en Río de Janeiro (Brasil). A los datos se les realizó análisis temático. Resultados. Luego de la interpretación de los datos, se generaron 2 unidades temáticas: la firma del formulario de consentimiento y la comprensión del estudio. Los niños y adolescentes entendieron las etapas del estudio contenidas en la firma del Término de Asentimiento y se interesaron, haciendo preguntas para aclarar sus dudas sobre la investigación. Conclusión. El consentimiento informado era importante para que los participantes entendieran la investigación y tuvieran autonomía sobre su participación. Al potenciar el protagonismo de los niños y adolescentes en el proceso de investigación, recomendamos que debe fomentarse su uso en los estudios con población pediátrica.

Objetivo. Descrever a importância do Termo de Assentimento para crianças e adolescentes convidados a participar de um estudo clínico e suas principais reações quanto à explicação do mesmo. Métodos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo descritiva exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com 17 crianças e adolescentes, que foram convidados a participar de um estudo clínico na área da oncologia em um hospital localizado no Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Os dados foram analisados empregando-se a análise temática. Resultados. Após a interpretação dos dados, foram geradas 2 unidades temáticas: a assinatura do termo de assentimento em que os participantes se sentiram protagonistas frente a possibilidade de expressarem a concordância ou não em participar da pesquisa, e a compreensão sobre o estudo quando elas mostraram que entenderam as etapas do estudo fazendo perguntas pertinentes para esclarecer suas dúvidas. As crianças e adolescentes compreenderam as etapas do estudo que constavam no Termo de Assentimento e tiveram interesse, fazendo perguntas para esclarecer suas dúvidas com relação à pesquisa. Conclusão. O termo de assentimento foi importante para os participantes compreenderem sobre a pesquisa e para terem autonomia sobre sua participação. Por potencializar o protagonismo de crianças e adolescentes no processo de pesquisar conclui-se que seu uso em estudos que envolvem a população pediátrica deve ser incentivado.

Construção e aplicabilidade de um termo de assentimento em pesquisa em nutrição com crianças hospitalizadas em tratamento oncológico / Construction and applicability of a term of consent in nutrition research with children hospitalized for oncological treatment

Objetivo: relatar a experiência na construção e aplicabilidade de um termo de assentimento livre esclarecido em uma pesquisa com crianças pré-escolares e escolares hospitalizadas para tratamento oncológico. Material e método: trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a construção e aplicabilidade de um Termo de Assentimento Livre e Esclarecido lúdico para realização de um estudo sobre perfil nutricional e educação alimentar e nutricional de crianças em tratamento oncológico de um hospital público infantil em Santa Catarina-Brasil. Resultados: a construção e aplicabilidade do Termo de Assentimento Livre Esclarecido permitiu melhor compreensão da criança anterior à realização da pesquisa referente às etapas e fases da coleta dos dados do estudo, assim como os riscos e benefícios do mesmo. Foi possível à criança esclarecer suas dúvidas e participar ativamente do estudo. Foram convidadas para participar do estudo 13 crianças de ambos os sexos entre 5 ­ 12 anos de idade que estavam internadas no ambulatório de oncologia. Considerações Finais: adoção do Termo de Assentimento Livre Esclarecido Lúdico construído mostrou-se efetivo ao alcance do objetivo de sua utilização no contexto ético em pesquisa e avançou no sentido de despertar sobre potencialidade para além da pesquisa e, também, como recurso fundamental para o assentimento das crianças em situações específicas no processo de adoecimento e internação, possibilitando o exercício de direito e compreensão do que está sendo realizado durante seu tratamento.

Objective: report the experience in the construction and applicability of an informed term of consent in a survey of children hospitalized for cancer treatment. Material and method: experience report on the construction and applicability of a free and informed term of consent for conducting a study on the nutritional profile and food and nutrition education of children and adolescents undergoing cancer treatment at a public hospital in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results: the construction and applicability of the informed term of consent allowed a better understanding of the child prior to conducting the research regarding the steps and phases of data collection, as well as its risks and benefits. It was possible for the child to clarify their doubts and actively participate in the study. Thirteen children of both sexes, aged between 5 - 12 years, hospitalized and in the oncology outpatient clinic, were invited to participate. Final considerations: adoption of the playful free and informed term of consent proved to be effective in reaching the objective of its use in the ethical research context and it has advanced in the sense of raising awareness of the potentiality beyond research, and also as a fundamental resource for the consent of children in specific situations in the illness and hospitalization process, enabling them to exercise their rights and understand what is happening during their treatment.

Características neuropsiquiátricas de menores trabajadores y no trabajadores pertenecientes a una Institución Educativa en Colombia / Neuropsychiatric characteristics of working and non-working minors belonging to an Educational Institution in Colombia / Características neuropsiquiátricas de menores trabalhadores e não trabalhadores pertencentes a uma Instituição Educativa na Colômbia

Objetivo: determinar las funciones cognitivas afectadas en un grupo menores trabajadores y la diferencia en el perfil neuropsiquiátrico de estos respecto a un grupo de menores no trabajadores. Metodología: investigación de diseño no experimental, de tipo transversal, prospectivo y analítico con un muestreo aleatorio simple. Resultados: el trabajo infantil no afecta todas las funciones cognitivas. Los puntajes obtenidos en las pruebas de habilidades gráficas, percepción táctil, percepción auditiva, memoria de evocación visual, lenguaje de repetición, lenguaje de comprensión, habilidades espaciales y atención auditiva estaban en rangos normales para ambos grupos. Sin embargo, los puntajes en las pruebas de construcción con palillos, memoria de codificación visual, percepción visual, memoria de evocación auditiva, lenguaje expresivo, atención visual, habilidades conceptuales, fluidez verbal y fluidez gráfica se encuentran por debajo de lo esperado para ambos grupos. Conclusión: las dificultades que presentan tanto el grupo de menores trabajadores como el de no trabajadores se podrían explicar por las condiciones de vida de la población, lo que suscita la hipótesis de que la pobreza y la escasez en la estimulación ambiental afectan el desarrollo cognitivo tanto como el trabajo infantil.

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the cognitive functions affected in a group of working minors and the difference in their neuropsychiatric profile as compared to that of a group of non-working minors. Methodology: non-experimental, cross-sectional, prospective and analytical design with a simple random sampling. Results: It was observed that child labor does not affect all cognitive functions. The scores obtained in the graphic skills, tactile perception, auditory perception, visual evocation memory, repetition language, comprehension language, spatial skills and auditory attention tests are in normal ranges for both groups. However, the scores on the stick construction, visual coding memory, visual perception, auditory evocation memory, expressive language, visual attention, conceptual skills, verbal fluency, and graphic fluency tests are lower than expected for both groups. Conclusion: The difficulties presented by both the group of working minors and nonworking minors could be explained by the conditions of the population, which raises the hypothesis that the conditions of poverty and scarcity in the environmental stimulation to which children are exposed in non-working minors affect cognitive development as much as child labor.

Objetivo: determinar as funções cognitivas afetadas num grupo menores trabalhadorese a diferença no perfil neuropsiquiátrico destes com respeito a um grupo de menores não trabalhadores. Metodologia: investigação de desenho não experimental, de tipo transversal, prospectivo e analítico com uma amostragem aleatório simples. Resultados: o trabalho infantil não afeta todas as funções cognitivas. As pontuações obtidas nas provas de habilidades gráficas, percepção táctil, percepção auditiva, memóriade evocação visual, linguagem de repetição, linguagem de compreensão, habilidades espaciais e atenção auditiva estavam em faixas normais para ambos os grupos. Embora, as pontuações nas provas de construção com pauzinhos, memória de codificação visual, percepção visual, memória de evocação auditiva, linguagem expressivo, atenção visual, habilidades conceptuais, fluidez verbal e fluidez gráfica se encontram por debaixo do esperado para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: as dificuldades que apresentam tanto no grupo de menores trabalhadores quanto no de não trabalhadores se poderiam explicar pelas condições de vida da população, o que suscita a hipótese de que a pobreza e a escassez na estimulação ambiental afetam o desenvolvimento cognitivo tanto como o trabalho infantil.

Analysis of epidemiological and laboratory results of acute and chronic brucellosis among minors in Heilongjiang from 2016 to 2020 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of acute and chronic brucellosis in minors from 2016 to 2020 in Heilongjiang, and to provide evidence for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of brucellosis in minors.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 150 hospitalized patients with brucellosis in minors from January 2016 to December 2020 was conducted in Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital. According to clinical classification, 125 cases were acute patients and 25 cases were chronic patients. At the same time, 40 outpatient physical examination persons were selected as control group. Epidemiological features, clinical presentation and misdiagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis in minors were analyzed and compared. The results of routine blood test, liver function test, myocardial enzyme test, whole blood C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood culture were analyzed and compared among acute group, chronic group and control group.Results:From 2016 to 2020, the proportion of brucellosis in minors was 3.26% (37/1 136), 2.50% (28/1 119), 3.31% (36/1 088), 2.80% (35/1 250) and 2.00% (14/701), respectively. In acute and chronic brucellosis, the ratios of male to female were 1.66 ∶ 1.00 (78/47) and 1.27 ∶ 1.00 (14/11); the incidence rate was highest in school age [35.2% (44/125), 44.0% (11/25)] and lowest in infant [2.4% (3/125), 0 (0/25)]; the disease were most common in March and June [52.8% (66/125), 44.0% (11/25)]; the more distribution was in Qiqihar [19.2% (24/125), 28.0% (7/25)], and the most susceptible factor was contact with cattle and sheep [89.6% (112/125), 96.0% (24/25)]. In acute group, there was 1 case of lactation infection. There were 32 cases [25.6% (32/125)] and 8 cases [32.0% (8/25)] with four typical symptoms in the two groups. High fever was the most common type in acute group [41.2% (47/114)]. Knee pain was the most common type [50.0% (36/72), 60.0% (12/20)] in both groups. The incidence of musculoskeletal pain in acute group was higher than that in chronic group (χ 2 = 4.57, P = 0.033). The rates of fatigue and joint pain in chronic group were higher than those in acute group (χ 2 = 4.49, 4.41, P < 0.05). Totally 57.3% (86/150) of patients with brucellosis were misdiagnosed as other diseases [49.3% (74/150)] in acute group and 8.0% (12/150) in chronic group] and colds were the most common, accounting for 38.0% (57/150). The positive rate of blood culture in acute group (48 cases, 38.4%) was significantly higher than that in chronic group (4 cases, 16.0%, χ 2 = 4.62, P = 0.038). Compared with control group, the levels of monocyte, alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase(HBDH), creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB), hemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular volume(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular-hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) in acute group and chronic group were significantly different ( P < 0.05); compared with the chronic group, CRP and LDH increased, the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.01). Conclusions:The epidemiological characteristics and clinical symptoms of acute and chronic brucellosis in minors in Heilongjiang are different. Monocyte, erythrocyte, transaminase, TP, ALB and myocardial enzyme are changed significantly, it needs to be monitored regularly and given certain protective measures.

Guarda compartilhada à luz da bioética e do biodireito / Joint custody in the light of bioethics and biolaw / Custodia compartida a la luz de la bioética y el bioderecho

Resumo A família é a base fundante da sociedade e o melhor local para a educação e o crescimento da criança. O divórcio é deletério à saúde das crianças, impactando sobretudo na saúde mental e no desempenho escolar, além ter reflexos na vida adulta. O convívio por período igualitário com pai e mãe após o divórcio - a guarda compartilhada - garante benefícios, empiricamente comprovados, ao bem-estar físico e psicológico das crianças. No entanto, muitas decisões judiciais decretam guarda compartilhada em menos de um terço das separações. Ao analisar controvérsias éticas e morais na inter-relação das ciências jurídicas com as ciências da saúde, o biodireito faz com que a bioética tenha eficácia. Por esse motivo, argumenta-se que ações judiciais de família devem seguir critérios multidisciplinares que considerem as crianças como sujeitos vulneráveis que precisam de proteção.

Abstract Family is the founding basis of society and the best place for the education and growth of children. Divorce is deleterious to children's health, mainly impacting their mental health and school performance, in addition to having impacts on adulthood. Living both with the father and the mother for an equal period of time after divorce - joint custody - guarantees empirically proven benefits to the physical and psychological well-being of children. However, judicial decisions decree joint custody in less than a third of separations. By analyzing ethical and moral controversies in the interrelation of legal sciences and health sciences, biolaw makes bioethics effective. Thus, it is discussed that family lawsuits should follow multidisciplinary criteria that consider children as vulnerable subjects who need protection.

Resumen La familia es la base de la sociedad y es el mejor lugar para la educación y el crecimiento del niño. El divorcio es perjudicial para la salud de los niños, especialmente afecta la salud mental y escolar, con repercusiones en la vida adulta. Vivir juntos por un período igual con el padre y la madre después del divorcio, la custodia compartida, es un elemento con una relación causal estadística para proteger la salud de los niños. Sin embargo, las decisiones judiciales han decretado la custodia compartida en menos de un tercio de las separaciones. Bioderecho es una forma de hacer que la bioética sea efectiva, mediante el análisis de controversias éticas y morales en la interrelación entre las ciencias jurídicas y las ciencias de la salud. Las acciones legales familiares deben llevarse a cabo de manera multidisciplinaria, considerando al niño como el sujeto más vulnerable a proteger.

Aproximación al costo de oportunidad de los cuidadores menores de edad en México / Opportunity cost approximation of underage caregivers in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Calcular el costo en que incurre la sociedad por contar con menores de edad que no estudian y que son cuidadores de adultos mayores con dependencia. Material y métodos: Se utilizó el Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (Enasem) 2015 para calcular el número de cuidadores menores de edad que no estudian. Se consultó la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2018 para estimar diferencias salariales entre poblaciones con escolaridad de primaria y preparatoria terminada en edad laboral. Dichas diferencias fueron convertidas a valor presente, agregadas y multiplicadas por el número de cuidadores menores de edad. Resultados: El costo anual total de contar con cuidadores menores de edad que abandonan los estudios asciende a 1 112 179 210 pesos. Conclusiones: El tema de los cuidadores menores de edad no ha recibido la atención requerida de la bibliografía especializada y aún existe una gran brecha de investigación al respecto.

Abstract: Objective: To calculate the cost assumed by society for having underaged individuals who do not study and provide care to dependent older adults. Materials and methods: The Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS) 2015 was used to calculate the number of underage caregivers who do not attend school. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2018 was used to estimate wage differences between populations at working age with complete elementary and complete high school education. Those differences were then converted to present value, added and multiplied by the number of underage caregivers. Results: The total annual cost of having underage caregivers who drop out of school adds to 1 112 179 210 pesos. Conclusions: The topic concerning underage caregivers has not received enough attention from specialized literature and there is still a large research gap in this area.

Consumo de drogas lícitas en niños escolarizados de 8 a 12 años / Use of Legal Drugs in School Children Aged 8 To 12 Years

Introducción: La prevención del consumo de drogas en el ámbito escolar es una prioridad en la política nacional de reducción de la demanda de drogas como elemento esencial para orientar la toma de decisiones. Objetivo: Determinar la salud percibida, la autoeficacia y la actitud hacia el consumo de drogas de los niños de 8 a 12 años que asisten a colegios de una localidad de Bogotá. Método: Investigación cuantitativa descriptiva, realizada a 467 niños y niñas de 8 a 12 años de seis colegios de una localidad de Bogotá. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Instrumento de autoeficacia percibida de Albert Bandura, el Instrumento Kidscreen 27 y el cuestionario de actitud hacia el consumo de drogas. Resultados: Se evidencia contacto con cigarrillo y alcohol desde los 8 años con diferencias significativas según edad y sexo. Al parecer los niños entran en primer contacto con el alcohol, mientras que las niñas lo hacen con el cigarrillo. Los que han tenido contacto con el alcohol y tabaco refirieron menores niveles de autoeficacia y salud percibida. Conclusión: El contacto con alcohol y tabaco se da en edades tempranas, con una importante proporción de consumo de alcohol alguna vez en la vida entre los 8 y 12 años, lo que hace necesario ampliar la investigación de consumo en este grupo de edad desde una perspectiva de género. Los programas de prevención del consumo de drogas se deben articular de manera transversal con el sector salud, el educativo y el familiar, de modo que en ellos se involucren padres y profesores(AU)

Introduction: The prevention of drug use in the school setting is a priority in the national drug demand reduction policy as an essential element to guide decision-making. Objective: To determine the perceived health, self-efficacy and attitude towards drug use in children aged 8 to 12 years who attend schools in a town in Bogotá. Method: A descriptive quantitative research was carried out on 467 boys and girls aged 8 to 12 from six schools in a town in Bogotá. A sociodemographic questionnaire, Albert Bandura's Perceived Self-Efficacy Instrument, the Kidscreen Instrument 27 and the questionnaire on attitude towards drug use were applied. Results: Contact with cigarettes and alcohol is evident from the age of 8 with significant differences according to age and sex. Boys seem to come first into contact with alcohol, while girls do so with cigarettes. Those who have had contact with alcohol and tobacco reported lower levels of self-efficacy and perceived health. Conclusion: Contact with alcohol and tobacco occurs at early ages, with a significant proportion of alcohol consumption, sometime in life, between 8 and 12 years old, which makes it necessary to expand the research on consumption in this age group from a gender perspective. Drug use prevention programs must be articulated in a transversal way with the health, education and family sectors, so that parents and teachers are involved in them(AU)

Déficits en la acción socioeducativa dirigida a adolescentes vulnerables latinoamericanos residentes en España / Deficits in educational action with vulnerable adolescents from Latin America living in Spain / Déficits na ação socio-educacional com adolescência vulnerável da América Latina e residente na Espanha

Resumen (analítico) El Sistema de Protección a la Infancia y a la Adolescencia español utiliza los mismos mecanismos con la población tutelada nacional que con la extranjera de origen latinoamericano. Con esta investigación se pretende conocer las dificultades específicas de la juventud procedente de América Latina, en edad de emancipación y que tiene expediente de protección, así como identificar estrategias eficaces para la actuación socioeducativa. Mediante metodología cualitativa, en el marco de la teoría fundamentada, se realizan con juventud tutelada seis seguimientos longitudinales y cuatro relatos de vida. Se concluye con dos grupos de discusión con figuras profesionales especializadas. Los resultados muestran déficits en el acompañamiento socioeducativo, especialmente producto del choque entre las metas del proyecto migratorio y la rigidez del sistema. Se constata la ausencia de redes sociales de apoyo para la emancipación.

Abstract (analytical) The Protection System for Children and Adolescents in Spain has the same mechanisms for the national population as it does for the foreign population of children and Young people who are originally from Latin American. This research aimed to determine the specific emancipation difficulties of youths from Latin America with a Child Protective Service record, as well as to identify effective strategies for socioeducational actions. Using a qualitative methodology within the grounded theory framework, six longitudinal monitoring studies and four life story narrations are conducted with protected young people. The study concluded with two discussion groups with specialized professional figures. The results reveal deficits in educational accompaniment, especially as a result of the collision between migratory project goals and the rigidity of the education system. The absence of social support networks to contribute to their emancipation is confirmed.

Resumo (analítico) O Sistema de Proteção da Infância e da Adolescência Espanhola, atua com os mesmos mecanismos com a população tutelada nacional estrangeira e com a de origem latinoamericana. A investigação pretende conhecer as dificuldades específicas da juventude, com expedientes de proteção com as nacionalidades da américa latina, durante a emancipação, assim como identificar estratégias eficazes para a atuação socioeducativa, mediante uma metodologia qualitativa. O marco da teoria fundamentada, realizase com juventude tutelada de seis seguimentos longitudinais e de quatro relatos de vida. Conclui com grupos de discussão com figuras profissionais especializadas. Os resultados mostram déficits em acompanhamento socioeducativo, especialmente produto de choque entre as metas de projeto migratório e da rigidez do sistema. Constata-se a ausência de redes sociais de apoio para a emancipação.

Comparison of two supraglottic airway devices on postoperative sore throat in children: a prospective randomized controlled trial / Comparação entre dois dispositivos supraglóticos de vias aéreas na dor de garganta pós-operatória em crianças: estudo controlado prospectivo randomizado

Abstract Background and objective: Sore throat is well recognized complaint after receiving general anesthesia. This study is conducted to compare the severity and frequency of postoperative sore throat in children undergoing elective surgery, following the use of Ambu laryngeal mask airway or I-gel®, who are able to self-report postoperative sore throat. Method: Seventy children, 6 to 16 years-old, undergoing elective surgery randomly allocated to either Ambu laryngeal mask (Ambu Group) or I-gel® (I-gel Group). After the procedure, patients were interviewed in the recovery room immediately, after one hour, 6 and 24 hours postoperatively by an independent observer blinded to the device used intra-operatively. Results: On arrival in the recovery room 17.1% (n = 6) of children of the Ambu Group complained of postoperative sore throat, against 5.7% in I-gel Group (n = 2). After one hour, the results were similar. After 6 hours, postoperative sore throat was found in 8.6% (n = 3) of the children in Ambu group vs. 2.9% (n = 1) in I-gel Group. After 24 hours, 2.9% (n = 1) of the children in Ambu Group complained of postoperative sore throat compared to none in I-gel Group. There was no significant difference found in the incidence of postoperative sore throat in both devices on arrival (p = 0.28); after 1 hour (p = 0.28); after 6 hours (p = 0.30); and after 24 hours (p = 0.31). The duration of the insertion of Ambu laryngeal mask was shorter and it was easier to insert than I-gel® (p = 0.029). Oropharyngeal seal pressure of I-gel® was higher than that of Ambu laryngeal mask (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The severity and frequency of postoperative sore throat in children is not statistically significant in the I-gel Group compared to Ambu Group.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: Dor de garganta é uma queixa bem conhecida após anestesia geral. O presente estudo comparou a gravidade e a frequência da queixa de dor de garganta pós-operatória associada ao uso de máscara laríngea Ambu ou máscara laríngea I-gel® durante cirurgia eletiva, em crianças capazes de autoreferir a queixa no pós-operatória. Método: Setenta crianças, de 6 a 16 anos submetidas à cirurgia eletiva foram alocadas aleatoriamente para o emprego da máscara laríngea Ambu (Grupo Ambu) ou para o emprego da máscara laríngea I-gel® (Grupo I-gel). Após o procedimento, os pacientes foram entrevistados imediatamente após admissão na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica-SRPA, uma hora, 6 e 24 horas após a cirurgia por um observador independente e cego ao dispositivo de vias aéreas utilizado no intraoperatório. Resultados: Na admissão à SRPA, 17,1% das crianças no Grupo Ambu (n = 6) se queixaram de dor de garganta pós-operatória, contra 5,7% no Grupo I-gel (n = 2). Após uma hora, os resultados foram similares. Após 6 horas, houve dor de garganta pós-operatória em 8,6% (n = 3) das crianças no Grupo Ambu vs. 2,9% (n = 1) no Grupo I-gel. Após 24 horas, 2,9% (n = 1) das crianças no Grupo Ambu versus nenhuma criança no Grupo I-gel. Não houve diferença significante na incidência de dor de garganta pós-operatória nos dois dispositivos na admissão na SRPA (p = 0,28); após 1 hora (p = 0,28); após 6 horas (p = 0,30); e após 24 horas (p = 0,31). A duração da inserção foi menor no grupo da máscara laríngea Ambu, e a I-gel® foi mais fácil de inserir (p = 0,029). A pressão de selagem orofaríngea do I-gel® foi maior do que a da máscara laríngea Ambu (p = 0,001). Conclusão: A gravidade e a frequência da dor de garganta pós-operatória em crianças não foram estatisticamente significantes no grupo com máscara laríngea I-gel® em comparação ao grupo com máscara laríngea Ambu.

Environmental Influence on Adolescent Resilience Development in Medellin Colombia / Influencia del ambiente en el desarrollo de la resiliencia en adolescentes de Medellín, Colombia / Influência do ambiente no desenvolvimento da resiliência em adolescentes de Medellín, Colômbia

ABSTRACT Objective: To know the influence of the environment (family functionality, social support and neighbourhood and school environment) on the development of adolescent resilience. Methods: Descriptive, correlational design. A total of 184 adolescents from six schools in the Aranjuez district of Medellín participated. Probabilistic, two-stage sampling. Five scales were used to collect data: 1) The child and youth resilience measurement scale; 2) The neighbourhood environment questionnaire; 3) The family cohesion and adaptability assessment scale; 4) The multidimensional scale of perceived social support; and 5) The school environment questionnaire. Data were analysed though SPSS 24v software. Results: a relationship was found between resilience and neighbourhood environment (rs= .324, p = .000), family functionality (rs= .380, p = .000), social support (rs= .456, p = .000) and school environment (rs= .353, p = .000). In addition, resilience was explained in 35.8 % by the neighbourhood environment (β= .20; p = .012), family functionality (β = .13; p = .090), social support (β= .30; p = .000) and school environment (β = .15; p = .064). Conclusion: Adolescent resilient behaviour is influenced by social support, family functioning, and school and neighbourhood environment, all external factors fostering self-regulation, as mentioned by Roy's Nursing model.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer la influencia del ambiente (funcionalidad familiar, apoyo social y ambiente barrial y escolar) en el desarrollo de la resiliencia de los adolescentes. Métodos: diseño descriptivo, correlacional. Participaron 184 adolescentes de seis colegios de la comuna Aranjuez de Medellín. Muestreo probabilístico, bietápico. Para recolectar los datos, se aplicaron cinco escalas: 1) la escala child and youth resilience measure; 2) el cuestionario de ambiente barrial; 3) la escala de evaluación de cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar; 4) la escala multidimensional de apoyo social percibido; y 5) el cuestionario de ambiente escolar. Los datos se procesaron con el software SPSS 24v. Resultados: se encontró una relación entre la resiliencia y el ambiente barrial (rs = .324, p = .000), funcionalidad familiar (rs = .380, p = .000), apoyo social (rs = .456, p = .000) y ambiente escolar (rs = .353, p = .000). Además, la resiliencia fue explicada en un 35,8 % por el ambiente barrial (β=.20; p =.012), la funcionalidad familiar (β=.13; p =.090), el apoyo social (β=.30; p =.000) y el ambiente escolar (β=.15; p = .064). Conclusión: la conducta resiliente de los adolescentes es influenciada por el apoyo social, la funcionalidad familiar y el ambiente escolar y barrial, factores externos que favorecen la autorregulación, como lo menciona Roy en su modelo de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: availar a influência do ambiente (funcionalidade familiar, apoio social e ambiente de bairro e escolar) no desenvolvimento da resiliência dos adolescentes. Métodos: desenho descritivo, correlacional. Participaram 184 adolescentes de seis colégios da comunidade Aranjuez, Medellín, Colômbia. Amostragem probabilística, bietápica. Para coletar os dados, foram aplicados cinco instrumentos: 1) a escala child and youth resilience measure; 2) o questionário de ambiente de bairro; 3) a escala de avaliação de coesão e adaptabilidade familiar; 4) a escala multidimensional de apoio social percebido; 5) o questionário de ambiente escolar. Os dados foram processados com o software SPSS 24v. Resultados: verificou-se relação entre a resiliência e o ambiente de bairro (rs = .324, p = .000), funcionalidade familiar (rs = .380, p = .000), apoio social (rs = .456, p = .000) e ambiente escolar (rs = .353, p = .000). Além disso, a resiliência foi explicada em 35,8 % pelo contexto de bairro (β =.20; p =.012), pela funcionalidade familiar (β =.13; p =.090), pelo apoio social (β =.30; p =.000) e pelo ambiente escolar (β =.15; p = .064). Conclusões: o comportamento resiliente dos adolescentes é influenciado pelo apoio social, pela funcionalidade familiar e pelo ambiente escolar e de bairro, fatores externos que favorecem a autorregulação, como mencionado por Roy no seu modelo de enfermagem.

Menores de circuito y regímenes ilícitos en Tamaulipas, México / Circuit minors and illegal regimes in Tamaulipas, Mexico / Menores de circuito e regimes ilícitos em Tamaulipas, México

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo explorar las estrategias que utilizan grupos del crimen organizado para reclutar menores de edad en el noreste de México. Específicamente, el trabajo analiza la participación de "menores de circuito" (menores migrantes que residen en la frontera y que de forma irregular y frecuente cruzan a Estados Unidos) en el tráfico de migrantes o de drogas para conocer dichas estrategias. Teóricamente, se apropia el concepto "regímenes ilícitos" con referencia a grupos del crimen organizado, en particular a sus relaciones y conexiones para operar al margen del Estado y de la ley. Metodológicamente se utilizan entrevistas abiertas realizadas a "menores de circuito" e informantes clave contactados en la frontera de Tamaulipas, así como videos y notas de internet, reportes e informes de investigación. Con base en los resultados, se argumenta que para reclutar menores de edad, los grupos del crimen organizado despliegan estrategias que valoran la diversificación hacia nuevos mercados o negocios ilegales; despliegan una supuesta "responsabilidad social" criminal; definen la selección del personal en sus grupos; y sopesan los riesgos del personal cuando no se ajustan a sus normas.

Abstract This work aims to explore the strategies that organized crime groups use to recruit minors in northeastern Mexico. Specifi cally, the work analyzes the participation of "circuit minors" (migrant minors residing at the border and who irregularly and frequently cross into the United States) in migrant or drug traffi cking to get to know these strategies. Theoretically, the concept of "illicit regimes" is appropriated with reference to organized crime groups, particularly about their relationships and connections to operate outside the State and the law. Methodologically, open interviews conducted with "circuit minors" and key informants contacted at the Tamaulipas border are used, as well as videos and internet notes, reports and research transcripts. Based on the results, it is argued that to recruit minors, organized crime groups deploy strategies that value diversifi cation into new markets or illegal businesses; they display an alleged criminal "social responsibility"; they defi ne the selection of staff in their groups; and they weigh staff risks when they do not conform to their standards.

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar as estratégias que utilizam grupos do crime organizado para reclutar menores de idade no nordeste de México. Especificamente, o trabalho analisa a participação de "menores de circuito" (menores migrantes que residem na fronteira e que de forma irregular e frequente cruzam a Estados Unidos) no tráfico de migrantes ou de drogas para conhecer essas estratégias. Teoricamente, se apropria o conceito "regimes ilícitos" com referência a grupos do crime organizado, em particular a suas relaciones e conexões para operar à margem do Estado e da lei. Metodologicamente utilizam-se entrevistas abertas realizadas a "menores de circuito" e informantes clave contatados na fronteira de Tamaulipas, assim como vídeos e notas de internet, reportes e informes de investigação. Com base nos resultados, argumenta-se que para recrutar menores de idade, os grupos do crime organizado desenvolver estratégias que valoram a diversificação a novos mercados ou negócios ilegais; desenvolvem uma suposta "responsabilidade social" criminal; definem a seleção do pessoal nos seus grupos; e sopesam os riscos do pessoal quando não se ajustam à suas normas.

Tobacco point-of-purchase marketing in primary and middle school neighbourhoods in Tianjin / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the distribution of tobacco point-of-purchase(pop) activies 100 meters around the primary and middle school and the situation of selling cigarettes to students of Tianjin. To provide evidence for creating a smoke-free and healthy school environment.@*Methods@#With the method of simple random sampling, 195 schools were selected to investigate the tobacco retailers within 100 meters around the school, and the nearest tobacco retailers was observed.@*Results@#Totally 36.9 percent of the schools found tobacco retailers within 100 meters. There were 127 tobacco retailers, and no tobacco advertisements were found. The percentage of tobacco retailers within 100 meters of vocational schools, primary schools and middle schools was 33.3%, 34.1% and 40.4%, respectively. Among the 72 tobacco retailers observed, the proportion of tobacco retailers within 20, 21-50, and 51-100 meters from the school were 9.7%, 36.1% and 54.2%, respectively. The majority of tobacco retailers were grocery stores/convenience stores (55.6%), followed by alcohol and tobacco stores (34.7%). The proportion of tobacco selling points failing to set up the signs of "smoking harmful to health" and "not selling cigarettes to minors" were 81.9% and 86.1% respectively.@*Conclusion@#It’s concerning that the layout of tobacco retailers and the posting of signs, and the tobacco products for to minors in Tianjin. It is necessary to strengthen the surrounding environment renovation and publicity and law enforcement.

Consumption of alcohol and drugs and school absenteeism among high school students of public schools / El consumo de alcohol y de drogas y el absentismo escolar en estudiantes de enseñanza media pública / Consumo de álcool e drogas e absenteísmo escolar em estudantes do ensino médio público

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relation between the consumption of alcohol and other drugs and school absenteeism in high school students of public schools in the 30 days prior to data collection. Method: Cross-sectional study of quantitative character conducted from May to September 2017, with 282 high school students of public schools of Mossoró-RN. We used a closed questionnaire with questions about drug consumption as our instrument of analysis. We performed hierarchical binary logistic regression by using the SPSS 20.0. Results: In bivariate analysis, the relation between absenteeism and drug consumption patterns proved to be significant to those who engage in heavy episodic drinking of alcohol and in the use of tobacco, inhalants and marijuana. The adjusted regression model only included the variables tobacco and heavy episodic drinking of alcohol. Conclusion: The hierarchical binary logistic regression analysis corroborated with absenteeism outcomes, explaining it in 12.3% of cases.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y de otras drogas y el absentismo escolar en estudiantes de la enseñanza media pública durante 30 días anteriores a la recolección de datos. Método: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, realizado entre mayo y septiembre de 2017, en el cual participaron 282 adolescentes, estudiantes de escuelas públicas de enseñanza media de la ciudad de Mossoró (RN, Brasil). Se utilizó un cuestionario cerrado con preguntas sobre el consumo de drogas. Se realizó una regresión logística binaria jerarquizada con el auxilio del SPSS 20.0. Resultados: En el análisis bivariado, la relación entre el absentismo escolar y los patrones de consumo de drogas se mostró significativa para quienes tenían un consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol y un consumo de tabaco, de inhalantes y de marihuana. El modelo de regresión ajustado incluyó solamente las variables consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol y consumo de tabaco. Conclusión: El análisis de la regresión logística binaria jerarquizada se mostró ajustada para el resultado del absentismo escolar, lo que explica el 12,3% de los casos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação do consumo de álcool e outras drogas com o absenteísmo escolar em estudantes do ensino médio público nos 30 dias anteriores à coleta. Método: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado de maio a setembro de 2017, com 282 adolescentes, estudantes de escolas públicas de ensino médio de Mossoró-RN. Utilizou-se um questionário fechado com questões sobre o uso de drogas. Realizou-se regressão logística binária hierarquizada com o apoio do SPSS 20.0. Resultados: Na análise bivariada, a relação entre o absenteísmo escolar e os padrões de consumo de drogas se mostrou significativa para aqueles com prática de beber pesado episódico de álcool e uso de tabaco, inalantes e maconha. O modelo de regressão ajustado incluiu apenas as variáveis beber pesado episódico de álcool e tabaco. Conclusão: A análise da regressão logística binária hierarquizada se mostrou ajustada para o desfecho do absenteísmo escolar, explicando-o em 12,3% dos casos.